Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Choosing a camera and optimizing system parameters for speckle contrast optical spectroscopy

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-62106-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Characterization of camera gain and nonlinearity-induced K 2 error for three CMOS cameras. ( a ) Schematic of the setup for measuring the cameras’ photon transfer curves. ( b – d ) Estimation of camera gain and linearity error (LE) for each camera’s photon transfer curve. Here \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\sigma }^{2}$$\end{document} σ 2 is the variance of the intensity and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\langle I\rangle$$\end{document} ⟨ I ⟩ is the average intensity across all the pixels, in units of the camera’s digital number (DN) output. Blue circles are the experimental data and red dashed lines are the linear regression lines. Error bars represent the temporal standard deviation of the variance of each difference image obtained. The linear regression is performed on data within a limited \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\langle I\rangle$$\end{document} ⟨ I ⟩ range as indicated by the shaded region, where the shot noise is greater than twice the read noise and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\langle I\rangle$$\end{document} ⟨ I ⟩ is less than 70% of the camera’s saturation capacity. The estimated camera gain is the slope of the regression line. The LE is calculated as the mean magnitude of the relative deviation of the measured variance from the regression line within the fitting range. ( e – g ) Estimation of the absolute nonlinearity-induced error in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${K}^{2}$$\end{document} K 2 , \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$|\Delta {K}^{2}|$$\end{document} | Δ K 2 | , within the shaded region indicated in ( b – d ). Error bars represent the temporal standard deviation of the variance of each difference image divided by \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\langle I\rangle }^{2}$$\end{document} ⟨ I ⟩ 2 . HA: Hamamatsu Orca Fusion BT C15440-20UP; BAa: Basler a2A1920-160umPRO; BAd: Basler daA1280-54um.

Article Snippet: To demonstrate the guideline, we investigated a scenario where one would choose among three commercially available CMOS cameras (Hamamatsu Orca Fusion BT C15440-20UP scientific CMOS camera, denoted as HA; Basler a2A1920-160umPRO camera, denoted as BAa; Basler daA1280-54um board-level camera, denoted as BAd) considering factors including first-order and second-order linearity, read noise, quantization distortion, and cost.

Techniques: Standard Deviation